from collections import ChainMap

# Define multiple dictionaries, simulating different configuration layers
defaults = {'debug': False, 'log_level': 'INFO', 'port': 8000}
user_config = {'log_level': 'DEBUG', 'timeout': 30}
cli_args = {'port': 9000}

# Create a ChainMap, order matters (later maps override earlier ones)
config = ChainMap(cli_args, user_config, defaults)

print(f"Combined config (port): {config['port']}") # Output: 9000 (from cli_args)
print(f"Combined config (log_level): {config['log_level']}") # Output: DEBUG (from user_config)
print(f"Combined config (debug): {config['debug']}") # Output: False (from defaults)
print(f"Combined config (timeout): {config['timeout']}") # Output: 30 (from user_config)

# Adding a new dictionary to the chain
new_env_vars = {'host': 'localhost'}
config = config.new_child(new_env_vars)
print(f"Combined config (host) after adding new_env_vars: {config['host']}")

# Modifying a value in one of the underlying maps reflects in ChainMap
cli_args['port'] = 9001
print(f"Combined config (port) after cli_args modification: {config['port']}")

# Accessing non-existent key raises KeyError
try:
    print(config['non_existent'])
except KeyError as e:
    print(f"Error accessing non-existent key: {e}")

# Accessing all contained maps
print(f"All maps in chain: {config.maps}")